Experience of respectful maternity care during childbirth and associated factors in public hospitals of the South West Region of Ethiopia: an institution-based, cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine women's level of experience of respectful maternity care during childbirth and associated factors in public hospitals in the South West Region of Ethiopia. DESIGN: Institution-based, cross-sectional study. SETTING: The study was conducted at secondary-level healthcare institutions in the South West Region of Ethiopia from 1 June to 30 July 2021. PARTICIPANTS: 384 postpartum women were sampled from four hospitals using a systematic random sampling technique, allocating a proportion to each health facility. Pretested structured questionnaires were used to collect data from the postnatal mothers through a face-to-face exit interview. OUTCOME MEASURES: The level of respectful maternity care was measured according to the Mothers on Respect Index. P values of <0.05 and 95% CIs were used to determine statistical significance. RESULTS: Of the 384 sampled women, 370 postnatal mothers participated in the study (response rate 96.3%). 11.6% (95% CI 8.4% to 15.1%), 39.7% (95% CI 34.3% to 44.6%), 20.8% (95% CI 17.3% to 25.1%), and 27.8% (95% CI 23.5% to 32.4%) of women experienced very low, low, moderate, and high levels of respectful maternal care during childbirth, respectively. Having no formal education was negatively associated with experience of respectful maternal care (adjusted OR (AOR)=0.51, 95% CI 0.294 to 0.899), while daytime delivery (AOR 8.53, 95% CI 5.032 to 14.47), giving birth through caesarean section (AOR 2.19, 95% CI 1.410 to 3.404) and future intention to give birth within the health facility (AOR 5.18, 95% CI 3.019 to 8.899) were positively associated with respectful maternal care. CONCLUSION: In this study, only one-fourth of women experienced high-level respectful maternal care during childbirth. Responsible stakeholders must develop guidelines and strategies to monitor and harmonise respectful maternal care practices at all institutions.

Psychoactive Substance Use and Its Associated Factors among Truck Drivers in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) remain an important public health issue worldwide. Psychoactive substance use is one of the main contributors to the occurrence of traffic accidents, and its use by truck drivers is a global problem. Also, psychoactive substance use is a commonly observed behavior among truck drivers. To the best of our knowledge, no evidence shows the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study was aimed at assessing the prevalence and factors associated with psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Ethiopia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 systematically selected truck drivers at Modjo dry port in Ethiopia, from February 1 to March 1, 2018. The data were collected through face-to-face individual interviews using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were entered into EpiData version 4.2.0.0 and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Binary logistic regression analysis was computed to determine the association using crude and adjusted odds ratios at 95% confidence intervals. The level of significance was declared at p value < 0.05 in the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Of the 400 truck drivers interviewed, the overall one-month self-reported prevalence of psychoactive substance use was 70% (n = 280). In the multivariable binary logistic regression analysis, aged 38 years and above (AOR = 0.40, 95% CI [0.23-0.69]), Christianity religion (AOR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.28-0.97]), college and university education (AOR = 3.47, 95% CI [1.27-9.47]), having a family size of 3 or more (AOR = 0.34, 95% CI [0.20-0.60]), having 6 or more hours spent sleeping at night (AOR = 0.46, 95% CI [0.28-0.75]), and rest breaks between driving (AOR = 2.13, 95% CI [1.14-3.97]) were significantly associated with psychoactive substance use. CONCLUSION: The one-month prevalence of psychoactive substance use among truck drivers was remarkably high. We can conclude that psychoactive substance use is a public health problem among truck drivers, which is a major threat to themselves and others on the road. The sociodemographic and occupational factors are the factors associated with drivers' psychoactive substance use. Therefore, devising health education and counseling program for drivers to tackle the problem plays paramount importance.

Evaluation of the Efficacy of Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizers Sold in Southwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: Regarding the protection of community and health professionals suffering from a COVID-19 outbreak, currently different alcohol-based hand sanitizers have been distributed. Even though for effective protection effective alcohol-based hand sanitizers are mandatory. Their efficacy was not evaluated. This is the reason why this research was designed to assess the antimicrobial efficacy of hand sanitizers that have been sold in southern parts of Ethiopia. METHODS: Six test organisms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella boydii) were selected from different clinical specimens. Then seven locally made products of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (MTU, Folium Fine, Epharm, Harego, Taflen and Sheba) were purchased and the disc diffusion, minimum inhibition concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration test were done against selected test organisms. Quality control measures throughout the whole process of the laboratory work were implemented and descriptive parameters were analyzed. RESULTS: The zones of inhibition of the hand sanitizers at their claim concentration were ranged from noninhibition zone (Folium) to 27mm (Sheba). The minimum inhibitory concentration against all selected test organisms was observed at 45%, 55%, 65% and Taflen on undiluted form. The growth of test organisms was decreased across increasing the concentration gradient of different hand sanitizers. MTU except against E. coli, Fine, Hargo, Ephra and Sheba hand sanitizers were showed growth below 60% concentrations for all test micro-organisms. But a Folium product against all selected test micro-organisms and MTU product against E. coli were not bactericidal. CONCLUSION: Fine, Hargo, Ephra, Sheba and Taflen sanitizers were the products that were effective in inhibiting the growth of all the selected test organisms, and they were having effective bactericidal activity in vitro at their claim concentration. But MTU product against E. coli and Folium product against all test microorganisms were not having an effective bactericidal activity. So, regulatory authorities and manufacturers should implement strict quality control measures and regular observations throughout the production to ensure the efficacy of hand sanitizers.

Factors Associated with Coronavirus Disease 2019 Prevention Practices in Three Zones of Southwest Ethiopia: Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: The cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and related deaths are increasing exponentially in Ethiopia. Prevention is currently available effective management, and its implementation has not been assessed adequately. This study aimed to identify the factors associated with COVID-19 prevention practices in three zones of southwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Bench Sheko, Kafa, and West Omo zones. A multistage sampling technique was employed to select 845 study participants. The data collection tool was adapted from the WHO resources and related literature. Independent factors were identified using binary logistic regression and a p-value less than 0.05 was used to declare the level of statistical significance. RESULTS: In this study, 803 participants participated. About two-thirds (64.7%) of the respondents had a history of going to crowded places, while only 30.3% of the participants had a history of wearing a mask when leaving home. Two-thirds of the respondents had a history of maintaining their distance at 2 meters (64.4%) and washing their hands with soap and water or using alcohol-based hand sanitizers (64.8%). Generally, less than two-thirds (59.4%) of study participants had a good prevention practices of COVID-19. Urban residence (AOR [adjusted odds ratio] =2.34; 95% CI=1.39, 3.94), highest family size (AOR=2.95; 95% CI=1.56, 5.57), good knowledge (AOR=1.74; 95% CI=1.10, 2.77), positive attitude (AOR=1.86; 95% CI=1.27, 2.73), intention to seek care (AOR=1.73; 95% CI=1.13, 2.63), and perceived mortality (AOR=2.20; 95% CI=1.50, 3.08) were positively associated with good prevention practices. CONCLUSION: The proportion of individuals who had good COVID-19 prevention practices was inadequate. For such highly infectious diseases, prevention should be the priority intervention, and improving its implementation needs further effort. Community-based interventions such as risk communication and mass education should center on scaling up community knowledge and practice by prioritizing vulnerable groups such as rural residents.

Chronic Kidney Disease and Associated Factors Among HIV/AIDS Patients on HAART in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: In developing countries, both opportunistic infections and chronic diseases account a high HIV-associated mortality and morbidity. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) associated with HIV infection has got increased attention in sub-Saharan Africa as a result of the high HIV prevalence and due to the late diagnosis and initiation of HAART. Thus, this study was conducted to assess CKD and associated factors among HIV patients on HAART in Ethiopia. METHODS: A hospital-based cross-sectional study with a secondary data review was conducted on 336 on HIV/AIDS patients on HAART from February to July 2017 at University of Gondar Referral Hospital. The study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a semi-structured questionnaire at their follow-up date with interview and chart review. Three to five milliliters of venous blood and five milliliters of urine specimen were collected for serum creatinine and urine albumin determination, respectively. Data were entered into SPSS version 20 for analysis. Glomerular filtration rate was estimated using the CKD-EPI estimator. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression was employed and p-value <0.2 and < 0.05, respectively, was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The prevalence of CKD on the study participants was 54 (16.1%) (95% CI, 12.2-20.4%). By stage, about 27 (8.0%) had stage 1 (persistent proteinuria with eGFR ≥ 90 mL/min/1.73 m2), 16 (4.8%) had stage 2 (persistent proteinuria with eGFR of 60-89.9 mL/min/1.73 m2), 6 (1.8%) had stage 3 (eGFR 30-59.9 mL/min/1.73 m2 with or without proteinuria) and 5 (1.5%) had stage 5 ((kidney failure), eGFR<15mL/min/1.73 m2 with or without proteinuria). With multivariate logistic regression analysis, being male (AOR=2.05 (1.03-4.09), p=0.04), being merchant (AOR=2.91 (1.00-8.48), p=0.049) and having viral load≥1000 copies/mm3 (AOR=3.1 (1.38-7.00), P<0.01) were significantly associated with CKD. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of CKD among HIV patients on HARRT is high. Being male, merchant and having viral load ≥1000 copies/mm3 were associated factors of CKD. Patients should be regularly monitored and screened for early diagnosis and management of CKD. Those patients who have being merchant with high viral load and male patients should require close monitoring.

Prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression in Southwest, Ethiopia, 2017: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and associated factors of postpartum depression among mothers who gave birth within the last 12 months among hospitals of Southwest Ethiopia, 2017. RESULT: The study revealed that 138 (33.82%) of mothers had postpartum depression. Unplanned pregnancy adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.49, 95% CI (2.31, 8.71), age from 15 to 24 years AOR = 0.420, 95% CI (0.18, 0.98), having a chronic physical illness AOR = 7.71, 95% CI (2.34, 25.44), experiencing death of infant AOR = 4.12, (1.78, 9.51) and unstable marital condition AOR = 6.02, (2.79, 12.99) were significantly associated with postpartum depression. The prevalence of post-partum depression was found to be high. Therefore urgent attention must be given to this problem, in particular towards its early detection, so that morbidity could be reduced in this group of women.